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Are the principles set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights truly universal? Or, as some have argued, are they derived exclusively from Western philosophic traditions and therefore irrelevant to many non-Western cultures? Should a state's claims to indigenous traditions, and not international covenants, determine the scope of rights granted to its citizens? Asserting that the most serious violations of human rights by state rulers are motivated by political and economic factors rather than by the purported concern for cultural authenticity, Afshari examines one particular state that has claimed cultural exception to the universality of human rights, the Islamic Republic of Iran. In his revealing case study, Afshari investigates how Islamic culture and Iranian politics since the fall of the Shah have affected human rights policy in that state. He exposes the human rights violations committed by ruling clerics in Iran since the Revolution, showing that Iran has behaved remarkably like other authoritarian governments in its human rights abuses. For over two decades, Iran has systematically jailed, tortured, and executed dissidents without due process of law and assassinated political opponents outside state borders. Furthermore, like other oppressive states, Iran has regularly denied and countered the charges made by United Nations human rights monitors, defending its acts as authentic cultural practices. Throughout his study, Afshari addresses Iran's claims of cultural relativism, a controversial thesis in the intense ongoing debate over the universality of human rights. In prison memoirs he uncovers the actual human rights abuses committed by the Islamic Republic andthe sociopolitical conditions that cause or permit them. Finally, Afshari turns to little-read UN reports which reveal that the dynamics of power between UN human rights monitors and Iranian leaders have proven ineffective at enforcing human rights policy in Iran.

In the tradition of the international bestseller The Universal History of Numbers, John Man has written a wonderfully engaging narrative that could be called the " universal history of letters." It illustrates how our alphabet came to be. How it was influenced by scribes as well as kings, cultures ancient and extant, politics, religion, even mythology. How so many adventures came to accompany its evolution. How truly unique a prize it is. Alpha Beta weaves its way from man’ s earliest scratches on bone to the first wedge-shaped marks in Mesopotamian clay, from the Pharaoh’ s hieroglyphics to the Torah’ s innovative characters, from Homer’ s epics to the lost culture of the Etruscans, all the way to the Internet explosion. What surfaces is an intriguing blend of characters, controversies, and stories, including that of a perplexing picture disk found on Crete, a robbery in the Egyptian desert, the invention of Cyrillic— — and even a continuing mystery surrounding missing head of British archeologist William Flinders Petrie. We are ever reminded of the alphabet’ s power. The Romans used it to display their strength, the Greeks to capture their myths, the Israelites to define their god. Ultimately, Alpha Beta offers an extraordinary rediscovery of the alphabet’ s vital contribution to our sense of identity. For while the Western world of today is divided by languages, it remains largely united by the alphabet. And, as Man makes clear, from pre-alphabetic systems to the recording of human speech, from the oral traditions of our ancestors to the literacy of our children, the deceptive simplicity of " ABC" holds within it a rich,potent, and passionate history.

Western International University - The Western International University is a for-profit university owned by the Apollo Group.

International Congress on Medieval Studies - The International Congress on Medieval Studies is an conference for Medieval scholars sponsored by Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo, Michigan.

University Arena (Western Michigan University) - University Arena is a multi-purpose arena in Kalamazoo, Michigan. The arena opened in 1957 and is home to the Western Michigan University Broncos men's and women's basketball, women's volleyball, and gymnastics teams.

University of Western Ontario Debating Society - The University of Western Ontario Debating Society is the oldest student association at the University of Western Ontario, and is one of the largest and most respected debating societies in the world. It was originally part of the student union at the university, and was separated in 1915 and named "The New Areopagus of Western University", after the supreme tribunal of Athens.

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